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Disease Profile
Parkinson disease
Prevalence estimates on Rare Medical Network websites are calculated based on data available from numerous sources, including US and European government statistics, the NIH, Orphanet, and published epidemiologic studies. Rare disease population data is recognized to be highly variable, and based on a wide variety of source data and methodologies, so the prevalence data on this site should be assumed to be estimated and cannot be considered to be absolutely correct.
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Age of onset
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ICD-10
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Inheritance
Autosomal dominant A pathogenic variant in only one gene copy in each cell is sufficient to cause an autosomal dominant disease.
Autosomal recessive Pathogenic variants in both copies of each gene of the chromosome are needed to cause an autosomal recessive disease and observe the mutant phenotype.
X-linked
dominant X-linked dominant inheritance, sometimes referred to as X-linked dominance, is a mode of genetic inheritance by which a dominant gene is carried on the X chromosome.
dominant X-linked dominant inheritance, sometimes referred to as X-linked dominance, is a mode of genetic inheritance by which a dominant gene is carried on the X chromosome.
X-linked
recessive Pathogenic variants in both copies of a gene on the X chromosome cause an X-linked recessive disorder.
recessive Pathogenic variants in both copies of a gene on the X chromosome cause an X-linked recessive disorder.
Mitochondrial or multigenic Mitochondrial genetic disorders can be caused by changes (mutations) in either the mitochondrial DNA or nuclear DNA that lead to dysfunction of the mitochondria and inadequate production of energy.
Multigenic or multifactor Inheritance involving many factors, of which at least one is genetic but none is of overwhelming importance, as in the causation of a disease by multiple genetic and environmental factors.
Not applicable
Other names (AKA)
Parkinson's disease; Paralysis agitans; Shaking palsy;
Summary
Parkinson disease (PD) is a neurologic disease that affects the movement. The four main symptoms are tremors of the hands, arms, legs, jaw, or head, specially at rest; rigidity, or stiffness; bradykinesia, or slow movement; and postural instability or inability to find balance. The symptoms start slowly, but progress over time, impairing everyday activities such as walking, talking, or completing simple tasks. Other symptoms may include emotional problems, trouble swallowing and speaking; urinary problems or constipation; skin problems; sleep problems, low blood pressure when standing up from sitting or lying down (postural hypotension), and inexpressive face. Some people will loose their mental abilities (
Parkinson disease affects several regions of the brain, especially a region known as "substantia nigra" that helps controlling balance and movement. Most cases of PD are sporadic (with no
- Mutations in the SNCA (PARK1), LRRK2 (PARK8), and VPS35 (PARK17) genes are
inherited in anautosomal dominant manner. - Mutations in genes PARK2, PARK7, and PINK1 (PARK6) appear to be inherited in a recessive manner.
- Very rare mutations in the TAF1 gene cause Parkinson disease with
X-linked inheritance. - Mutations in some genes, including GBA and UCHL1 (PARK 5), do not seem to cause Parkinson disease, but to increase the risk of developing the disease in some families.
Treatment is usually based on a medication known as levodopa. Other medication includes bromocriptine, pramipexole, ropinirole, amantadine, rasagiline and safinamide. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) a surgical procedure where electrodes are implanted into the brain may be useful for some people.[3][2]
Symptoms
- Postencephalitic parkinsonism
- Drug-induced parkinsonism
Toxin -induced parkinsonism- Arteriosclerotic parkinsonism
- Parkinsonism
dementia complex of Guam - Post-traumatic parkinsonism
- Essential tremor
- Normal pressure
hydrocephalus - Progressive supranuclear palsy
- Corticobasal degeneration
- Multiple system atrophy
- Dementia with Lewy bodies
More information on each of these conditions is available in the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) publication, Parkinson's Disease: Hope Through Research.
Parkinsonian symptoms may also appear in patients with other, clearly distinct neurological disorders such as Wilson disease, Huntington disease, Alzheimer disease, spinocerebellar ataxias, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Each of these disorders has specific features that help to distinguish them from Parkinson disease.[2]
This table lists symptoms that people with this disease may have. For most diseases, symptoms will vary from person to person. People with the same disease may not have all the symptoms listed. This information comes from a database called the Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) . The HPO collects information on symptoms that have been described in medical resources. The HPO is updated regularly. Use the HPO ID to access more in-depth information about a symptom.
Medical Terms | Other Names |
Learn More:
HPO ID
|
---|---|---|
5%-29% of people have these symptoms | ||
Abnormal autonomic nervous system physiology | 0012332 | |
Hallucinations |
Hallucination
Sensory hallucination
[ more ] |
0000738 |
Percent of people who have these symptoms is not available through HPO | ||
0000006 | ||
Bradykinesia |
Slow movements
Slowness of movements
[ more ] |
0002067 |
Constipation | 0002019 | |
Dementia |
Dementia, progressive
Progressive dementia
[ more ] |
0000726 |
Depressivity |
Depression
|
0000716 |
Difficulty articulating speech
|
0001260 | |
Poor swallowing
Swallowing difficulties
Swallowing difficulty
[ more ] |
0002015 | |
0001332 | ||
Insidious onset |
Gradual onset
|
0003587 |
Lewy bodies | 0100315 | |
Mask-like facies |
Expressionless face
Lack of facial expression
Mask-like facial appearance
[ more ] |
0000298 |
Micrographia | 0031908 | |
Neuronal loss in |
Loss of brain cells
|
0002529 |
Parkinsonism | 0001300 | |
Personality changes |
Personality change
|
0000751 |
Postural instability |
Balance impairment
|
0002172 |
Progressive |
Worsens with time
|
0003676 |
Resting tremor |
Tremor at rest
|
0002322 |
Rigidity |
Muscle rigidity
|
0002063 |
Short stepped shuffling gait |
Short stepped shuffling walk
|
0007311 |
Sleep disturbance |
Difficulty sleeping
Trouble sleeping
[ more ] |
0002360 |
Sporadic |
No previous family history
|
0003745 |
Substantia nigra gliosis | 0011960 | |
Tremor | 0001337 | |
Urinary urgency |
Overactive bladder
|
0000012 |
Weak voice |
Soft voice
|
0001621 |
Cause
More detailed information about the cause of Parkinson disease is available through an information page developed by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). Click here to view this information.
Diagnosis
Treatment
The resources below provide information about treatment options for this condition. If you have questions about which treatment is right for you, talk to your healthcare professional.
Management Guidelines
- The National Guideline Clearinghouse (NGC) is a public resource for evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. The NGC was originally created by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) in partnership with the American Medical Association and the American Association of Health Plans.
FDA-Approved Treatments
The medication(s) listed below have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as orphan products for treatment of this condition. Learn more orphan products.
- Apomorphine HCL(Brand name: Apokyn®) Manufactured by Ipsen Limited
FDA-approved indication: For the acute, intermittent treatment of hypomobility, "off" episodes ("end-of-dose-wearing-off" and unpredictable :on/off" episodes) associated with advanced Parkinson's disease
National Library of Medicine Drug Information Portal
Medline Plus Health Information - Selegiline HCl(Brand name: Eldepryl) Manufactured by Somerset Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
FDA-approved indication: As an adjuvant to levodopa and carbidopa treatment of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (paralysis agitans), postencephalitic Parkinsonism, and symptomatic Parkinsonism.
National Library of Medicine Drug Information Portal
Medline Plus Health Information - Droxidopa(Brand name: Northera) Manufactured by Chelsea Therapeutics, Inc.
FDA-approved indication: February 2014, Droxidopa (Northera) was approved for the treatment of orthostatic dizziness, lightheadedness, or the "feeling that you are about to black out" in adult patients with symptomatic neurogenic orthostatic hypotension caused by primary autonomic failure (Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy, and pure autonomic failure), dopamine beta-hydroxylase deficiency, and non-diabetic autonomic neuropathy.
National Library of Medicine Drug Information Portal
Medline Plus Health Information
Organizations
Support and advocacy groups can help you connect with other patients and families, and they can provide valuable services. Many develop patient-centered information and are the driving force behind research for better treatments and possible cures. They can direct you to research, resources, and services. Many organizations also have experts who serve as medical advisors or provide lists of doctors/clinics. Visit the group’s website or contact them to learn about the services they offer. Inclusion on this list is not an endorsement by GARD.
Organizations Supporting this Disease
-
American Parkinson Disease Association
135 Parkinson Avenue
Staten Island, NY 10305
Toll-free: 1-800-223-2732
Fax: +1-718-981-4399
E-mail: https://www.apdaparkinson.org/contact/
Website: https://www.apdaparkinson.org/ -
International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
555 East Wells Street, Suite 1100
Milwaukee, WI 53202-3823
Telephone: +1-414-276-2145
Fax: +1-414-276-3349
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: https://www.movementdisorders.org/ -
Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research
Grand Central Station
P.O. Box 4777
New York, NY 10163-4777
Toll-free: 1-800-708-7644
E-mail: https://www.michaeljfox.org/foundation/contact-us.html
Website: https://www.michaeljfox.org/ -
Parkinson & Movement Disorder Alliance (PMD Alliance)
PO Box 36233
Tucson, AZ 85704
Toll-free: 1-800-256-0966
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: https://www.pmdalliance.org/ -
Parkinson's Foundation
200 SE 1st Street
Suite 800
Miami, FL 33131
Toll-free: 1-800-473-4636 (Helpline)
E-mail: [email protected].
Website: https://www.parkinson.org/
Organizations Providing General Support
-
National Foundation of Swallowing Disorders (NFOSD)
340 S Lemon Ave #1740
Walnut, CA 91789
Telephone: 415-326-3673
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: https://swallowingdisorderfoundation.com/
Learn more
These resources provide more information about this condition or associated symptoms. The in-depth resources contain medical and scientific language that may be hard to understand. You may want to review these resources with a medical professional.
Where to Start
- The Genetic Alliance is an international coalition comprised of more than 600 advocacy, research and health care organizations representing millions of individuals with genetic conditions. Click on the link to view information on this topic.
- MedlinePlus was designed by the National Library of Medicine to help you research your health questions, and it provides more information about this topic.
- Genetics Home Reference (GHR) contains information on Parkinson disease. This website is maintained by the National Library of Medicine.
- The Merck Manuals Online Medical Library provides information on this condition for patients and caregivers.
- The National Human Genome Research Institute's (NHGRI) website has an information page on this topic. NHGRI is part of the National Institutes of Health and supports research on the structure and function of the human genome and its role in health and disease.
- The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) collects and disseminates research information related to neurological disorders. Click on the link to view information on this topic.
- The National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) has a report for patients and families about this condition. NORD is a patient advocacy organization for individuals with rare diseases and the organizations that serve them.
In-Depth Information
- GeneReviews provides current, expert-authored, peer-reviewed, full-text articles describing the application of genetic testing to the diagnosis, management, and genetic counseling of patients with specific inherited conditions.
- Medscape Reference provides information on this topic. You may need to register to view the medical textbook, but registration is free.
- MeSH® (Medical Subject Headings) is a terminology tool used by the National Library of Medicine. Click on the link to view information on this topic.
- Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders. Each entry has a summary of related medical articles. It is meant for health care professionals and researchers. OMIM is maintained by Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.
- PubMed is a searchable database of medical literature and lists journal articles that discuss Parkinson disease. Click on the link to view a sample search on this topic.
References
- Learning about Parkinson Disease. National Human Genome Research Institute. March 14, 2014; https://www.genome.gov/10001217.
- Parkinson's Disease: Hope Through Research. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. https://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/parkinsons_disease/detail_parkinsons_disease.htm#127443159.
- Parkinson's disease. WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/parkinsons-disease/tc/parkinsons-disease-topic-overview#1.
- Pankratz ND, Wojcieszek J & Foroud T. Parkinson Disease Overview. GeneReviews. 2015; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1223/.
- Barclay LL. Predicting Prognosis in Parkinson Disease. Medscape Reference. September 4, 2015; https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/850159.
- Parkinson’s disease. MedlinePlus. May 6, 2011; https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000755.htm. Accessed 10/3/2011.
- Parkinson disease. Genetics Home Reference (GHR). July 2007; https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/parkinson-disease. Accessed 10/3/2011.
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