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Disease Profile

Raine syndrome

Prevalence
Prevalence estimates on Rare Medical Network websites are calculated based on data available from numerous sources, including US and European government statistics, the NIH, Orphanet, and published epidemiologic studies. Rare disease population data is recognized to be highly variable, and based on a wide variety of source data and methodologies, so the prevalence data on this site should be assumed to be estimated and cannot be considered to be absolutely correct.

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US Estimated

Europe Estimated

Age of onset

Neonatal

ICD-10

Q78.2

Inheritance

Autosomal dominant A pathogenic variant in only one gene copy in each cell is sufficient to cause an autosomal dominant disease.

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Autosomal recessive Pathogenic variants in both copies of each gene of the chromosome are needed to cause an autosomal recessive disease and observe the mutant phenotype.

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X-linked
dominant X-linked dominant inheritance, sometimes referred to as X-linked dominance, is a mode of genetic inheritance by which a dominant gene is carried on the X chromosome.

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X-linked
recessive Pathogenic variants in both copies of a gene on the X chromosome cause an X-linked recessive disorder.

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Mitochondrial or multigenic Mitochondrial genetic disorders can be caused by changes (mutations) in either the mitochondrial DNA or nuclear DNA that lead to dysfunction of the mitochondria and inadequate production of energy.

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Multigenic or multifactor Inheritance involving many factors, of which at least one is genetic but none is of overwhelming importance, as in the causation of a disease by multiple genetic and environmental factors.

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Not applicable

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Other names (AKA)

Lethal osteosclerotic bone dysplasia; Combination of microcephaly, exophthalmos, hypoplastic nose and midface, gum hyperplasia, cleft palate, apparently low-set ears, and osteosclerosis

Categories

Congenital and Genetic Diseases; Musculoskeletal Diseases

Summary

The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs.
orphanet

Orpha Number: 1832

Definition
A rare disorder defined by generalized osteosclerosis with periosteal bone formation, characteristic facial dysmorphism, brain abnormalities including intracerebral calcifications, and neonatal lethal course.

Epidemiology
Ten cases in eight families have been reported, the majority of a Middle East origin. Parental consanguinity was frequently present.

Clinical description
The cranial features are a wide anterior fontanelle, expressed proptosis with everted lower eyelids, severely depressed nasal bridge, small nose, low-set ears, and severe midface hypoplasia leading to choanal atresia. The mouth is usually triangular, gum hypertrophy is expressed, and there may be natal teeth and cleft palate/uvula. The radiological findings include generalized osteosclerosis of all bones and the base of the skull, with cortical hyperostosis and periosteal new bone formation. An obtuse mandibular angle is characteristic, as are irregularly formed ribs. Radiologically, widespread bilateral calcification in the periventricular white matter, basal ganglia, and thalamus is found and in some cases calcifications are also seen in the corpus callosum, falx, tentorium, and meninges. Extra-skeletal features can be hydronephrosis and ureteral stenosis.

Etiology
Mutations in the FAM20C gene have a causative role in lethal osteosclerotic bone dysplasia.

Diagnostic methods
Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation and calcification demonstrable by ultrasound, plain X-rays and computing tomography (CT).

Antenatal diagnosis
Prenatal diagnosis by ultrasound or molecular testing is feasible.

Genetic counseling
The condition is transmitted in an autosomal recessive manner.

Visit the Orphanet disease page for more resources.

Symptoms

This table lists symptoms that people with this disease may have. For most diseases, symptoms will vary from person to person. People with the same disease may not have all the symptoms listed. This information comes from a database called the Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) . The HPO collects information on symptoms that have been described in medical resources. The HPO is updated regularly. Use the HPO ID to access more in-depth information about a symptom.

Medical Terms Other Names
Learn More:
HPO ID
80%-99% of people have these symptoms
Anteverted nares
Nasal tip, upturned
Upturned nasal tip
Upturned nose
Upturned nostrils

[ more ]

0000463
Delayed cranial suture closure
0000270
Depressed nasal ridge
Flat nose
Recessed nasal ridge

[ more ]

0000457
Large fontanelles
Wide fontanelles
0000239
Low-set ears
Low set ears
Lowset ears

[ more ]

0000369
Median cleft lip and palate
Central cleft lip and palate
Midline cleft lip/palate

[ more ]

0008501
Microcephaly
Abnormally small skull
Decreased circumference of cranium
Decreased size of skull
Reduced head circumference
Small head circumference

[ more ]

0000252
Micrognathia
Little lower jaw
Small jaw
Small lower jaw

[ more ]

0000347
Posteriorly rotated ears
Ears rotated toward back of head
0000358
Retrognathia
Receding chin
Receding lower jaw
Weak chin
Weak jaw

[ more ]

0000278
Short neck
Decreased length of neck
0000470
30%-79% of people have these symptoms
Gingival fibromatosis
0000169
Gingival overgrowth
Gum enlargement
0000212
Intrauterine growth retardation
Prenatal growth deficiency
Prenatal growth retardation

[ more ]

0001511
Mandibular aplasia
Failure of development of lower jaw
Missing lower jaw

[ more ]

0009939
Proptosis
Bulging eye
Eyeballs bulging out
Prominent eyes
Prominent globes
Protruding eyes

[ more ]

0000520
Respiratory distress
Breathing difficulties
Difficulty breathing

[ more ]

0002098
Respiratory failure
0002878
Short nose
Decreased length of nose
Shortened nose

[ more ]

0003196
5%-29% of people have these symptoms
Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita
0002804
Bowing of the long bones
Bowed long bones
Bowing of long bones

[ more ]

0006487
Brachydactyly
Short fingers or toes
0001156
Highly arched eyebrow
Arched eyebrows
Broad, arched eyebrows
High, rounded eyebrows
High-arched eyebrows
Thick, flared eyebrows

[ more ]

0002553
Hydrocephalus
Too much cerebrospinal fluid in the brain
0000238
Hydronephrosis
0000126
Hydroureter
0000072
Hypoplasia of dental enamel
Underdeveloped teeth enamel
0006297
Long hallux
Long big toe
0001847
Mandibular prognathia
Big lower jaw
Increased projection of lower jaw
Increased size of lower jaw
Large lower jaw
Prominent chin
Prominent lower jaw

[ more ]

0000303
Microdontia
Decreased width of tooth
0000691
Micromelia
Smaller or shorter than typical limbs
0002983
Mixed hearing impairment
Hearing loss, mixed
Mixed hearing loss

[ more ]

0000410
Natal tooth
Born with teeth
Teeth present at birth

[ more ]

0000695
Pectus excavatum
Funnel chest
0000767
Plagiocephaly
Flat head syndrome
Flattening of skull
Rhomboid shaped skull

[ more ]

0001357
Protruding ear
Prominent ear
Prominent ears

[ more ]

0000411
Wide mouth
Broad mouth
Large mouth

[ more ]

0000154
Percent of people who have these symptoms is not available through HPO
Autosomal recessive inheritance
0000007
Brachyturricephaly
High, prominent forehead
0000244
Cerebral calcification
Abnormal deposits of calcium in the brain
0002514
Choanal atresia
Blockage of the rear opening of the nasal cavity
Obstruction of the rear opening of the nasal cavity

[ more ]

0000453
Choanal stenosis
Narrowing of the rear opening of the nasal cavity
0000452
Cleft palate
Cleft roof of mouth
0000175
Depressed nasal bridge
Depressed bridge of nose
Flat bridge of nose
Flat nasal bridge
Flat, nasal bridge
Flattened nasal bridge
Low nasal bridge
Low nasal root

[ more ]

0005280
Downslanted palpebral fissures
Downward slanting of the opening between the eyelids
0000494
Elevated alkaline phosphatase
Greatly elevated alkaline phosphatase
High serum alkaline phosphatase
Increased alkaline phosphatase
Increased serum alkaline phosphatase

[ more ]

0003155
Global developmental delay
0001263
High palate
Elevated palate
Increased palatal height

[ more ]

0000218
Hypertelorism
Wide-set eyes
Widely spaced eyes

[ more ]

0000316
Hypophosphatemia
Low blood phosphate level
0002148
Increased bone mineral density
Increased bone density
0011001
Malar flattening
Zygomatic flattening
0000272
Midface retrusion
Decreased size of midface
Midface deficiency
Underdevelopment of midface

[ more ]

Diagnosis

Making a diagnosis for a genetic or rare disease can often be challenging. Healthcare professionals typically look at a person’s medical history, symptoms, physical exam, and laboratory test results in order to make a diagnosis. The following resources provide information relating to diagnosis and testing for this condition. If you have questions about getting a diagnosis, you should contact a healthcare professional.

Testing Resources

  • The Genetic Testing Registry (GTR) provides information about the genetic tests for this condition. The intended audience for the GTR is health care providers and researchers. Patients and consumers with specific questions about a genetic test should contact a health care provider or a genetics professional.

Learn more

These resources provide more information about this condition or associated symptoms. The in-depth resources contain medical and scientific language that may be hard to understand. You may want to review these resources with a medical professional.

In-Depth Information

  • The Monarch Initiative brings together data about this condition from humans and other species to help physicians and biomedical researchers. Monarch’s tools are designed to make it easier to compare the signs and symptoms (phenotypes) of different diseases and discover common features. This initiative is a collaboration between several academic institutions across the world and is funded by the National Institutes of Health. Visit the website to explore the biology of this condition.
  • Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders. Each entry has a summary of related medical articles. It is meant for health care professionals and researchers. OMIM is maintained by Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. 
  • Orphanet is a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Access to this database is free of charge.
  • PubMed is a searchable database of medical literature and lists journal articles that discuss Raine syndrome. Click on the link to view a sample search on this topic.

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